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{"bf_titre":"Assessment of insects, diseases and weeds occurrence in rice farming systems in Cambodia: opportunities for agroecological management and reduction of pesticides","bf_auteur":"Mathilde, SESTER, CIRAD, mathilde.sester@cirad.fr","bf_coauteur":" Florent TIVET, CIRAD, florent.tivet@cirad.fr; R\u00e9gis GOEBEL, CIRAD, regis.goebel@cirad.fr","bf_contributeurs":,"checkboxListeDefis":"dur,ris","checkboxListeGeographique":"ASE","bf_terrain":"Cambodia\u2013 Rice fields around the Tonle Sap","data-imagebf_image":,"filename-imagebf_image":,"bf_systeme":"A large diversity of rice farming systems will be studied, from upper sandy terraces to flood plains, rainfed management to irrigated schemes.\r\nThe diversity of rice farming will be crossed by a range of intensification strategies, from one rice crop a year to two rice crops a year, from monocrop to the use of legume as relay crop, from intensive use of chemicals to organic crop management. \r\n","bf_problematique":"Rice production in Cambodia has increased during the last decades and the country has been exporting rice since 1996 and more significantly since 2010 (Ricepedia.org). Cambodia\u2019s rice yield was estimated at 3.3 t\/ha in average (FAOSTAT, 2014). The increase in rice production was mainly due to a better water management but also to an increase in crop intensification with a high level of input and pesticide use in certain regions. The vast hydromophic fields around the Tonle Sap, represent 700,000 ha of rice crops in Cambodia, on a total of 2.5 million ha. One part of the rice fields benefit from water management systems. These fields, in general, can produce two rice seasons. An efficient water management system should limit rice susceptibility to biotic constraints; however irrigated areas exhibited in many situations the highest level of intensification in term of fertilizer and pesticide use. Even under lower efficiency of water management, pesticides are also used as soon as the first symptoms appear. Farmers are mainly advised by pesticide salesmen and chemicals spraying look sometimes inappropriate to the constraint. Intensive pesticide use, according to application rate, chemical formulation and way of spraying, can be detrimental for human, animal health but also raise concerns on food safety (national and international markets). To improve the sustainability of rice farming and to benefit from appropriate water management systems, it is crucial to strengthen famer\u2019s knowledge on biotic constraints, their impacts on yield losses and the accurate methods to control them.","bf_dialogue":"The General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA) through his own departments and partnership with IRRI will be the main stakeholders involved in this study.","bf_interets":"Our aim in this project is to better know, through field surveys\/interviews the importance and impact of biotic constraints in rice crops in different irrigation and cropping systems, and to link them to farmers practices in term of pesticides use. The final objective of the project is to propose innovative solutions for insects, disease and weeds management to farmers, based on agroecological crop management and reduction of pesticide use.\r\nThis action will be developed in three related work Packages:\r\n1.\tAssessment of insects, diseases and weeds prevalence and occurrence in rice crops: An inventory of the pests, diseases and weeds will be conducted in fields all along transects of contrasted water management (from rain-fed, irrigation scheme to flood plains); their evolution during the crop development will be monitored. Simple identification procedure will be used to confirm the presence of diverse biotic constraints, and the potential impact of the most important ones will be assessed in each cropping system. Models have been developed in Asian countries to assess the impact of several constraints on yield, including diseases, insects and weeds (Willocquet et al., 2002). The damage mechanisms corresponding to 8 types of injuries were described and used to estimate their impact on yield losses. This model will be used or adapted to major constraints identified in Cambodia\u2019s rice crops, if different of those studied by Willocquet.\r\n\r\n2.\tBuilt a participatory platform for a better characterization of farmer management strategy:\r\n\u2022\tCharacterize farmers\u2019 knowledge regarding biotic constraints (insects pests, diseases and weeds): field survey frequency, estimation of incidence and impact on yield,\r\n\u2022\tBuild a knowledge database on pesticides, application rates and method of spraying, as well as all agronomic practices currently in use and their impact on insects, diseases and weeds, with the objective of establishing a decisional framework of farmer practices. \r\n\r\n3.\tMeasure the impact of agroecological crop management strategies on rice biotic constraints: Monitoring will be completed by surveys in and around experimental fields that have been set up to optimize agroecological irrigated rice cropping systems. Complementary experimentations \r\n","bf_DescTypeActivite":"WP1: Field surveys monitoring diseases, insects and weeds prevalence\r\n-\tConstitution of a team of local experts to identify the targeted areas and conduct an inventory of major constraints \r\n-\tField surveys, monitoring and methods to check and confirm the identifications (insects, diseases and weeds) \r\n-\tImplementing local recruitment to conduct field surveys during the different cropping seasons \r\n-\tEstimation of constraints potential impact on yields according to a literature review\r\n\r\nWP2: Participatory platform\r\nSetting up participatory platforms with farmers and development operators (GDA, NGO, Provincial department of agriculture) and conduct individual interviews to characterize the agricultural practices in terms of pesticide use (treatments, application rates, spraying methods, farmer\u2019s protection): 2 Master students will be involved. \r\n\r\nWP3: Field surveys in agroecological crop management experiments \r\nSetting up of field experiments to evaluate the impact of agroecological practices on pests\/diseases\/weeds occurrence and of crop susceptibility. \r\n","bf_livrables":"WP1: Database for biotic constraints occurrence, assessment of their potential impact on yield losses\r\nWP2: 2 master thesis, farmer\u2019s platform constituted, decisional framework on farmer practices in different context of water management established.\r\nWP3: identification of agroecological practices impacting biotic constraints and their impact on rice development and yield establishment\r\n\r\n","bf_budget":"(total : US$ 52,000 on 3 years)\r\n\r\nWP1: US$ 28,500\r\nField mission (CIRAD staff): US$ 3,500\r\nLocal recruitement (2 years): US$ 20,000 \r\nLocal experts meetings (3): US$ 3,000\r\nMonitoring and small equipment for constraints analysis: US$ 2,000\r\n\r\nWP2: US$ 18,500\r\nField mission (CIRAD staff): US$ 3,500\r\nMaster Thesis: 2 x US$ 5,000\r\nOrganization of farmers\u2019 platforms: US$ 5,000\r\n\r\nWP3: US$ 5,000\r\nField experiments (2 years): US$ 5,000\r\n","bf_autre":" Activities are implemented by GDA and CIRAD in the irrigation scheme of Stung Chinit (Santuk district, Kampong Thom) since 2011 under different sources of funding (AFD, CIRAD and USAID) and in the flood plains of the Tonle Sap lake in Battambang province (Banan district). Main objectives are (i) to improve crop diversification after wet season rice and (ii) enhance soil ecosystem services through the use of a large diversity of cover\/relay crops.","id_typeannonce":"1","id_fiche":"AssessmentOfInsectsDiseasesAndWeedsOccur","createur":"Anonyme","categorie_fiche":,"date_creation_fiche":"2017-10-13 10:34:45","statut_fiche":"1","fichierautreselements":,"fichierautreselements1":,"fichierautreselements2":,"fichierautreselements3":,"date_maj_fiche":"2017-10-13 10:34:45"}