Understanding and Supporting Water User Associations in Cambodia
Auteur de la fiche (Prénom, NOM, structure, email) :
Jean-Philippe VENOT, IRD UMR G-EAU, jean-philippe.venot@ird.fr
CoAuteur(s) de la fiche (Prénom, NOM, structure, email) :
Will evolve on the basis of comments
Noms des contributeurs (Prénom, NOM, structure, email) :
Chan Sophal (FWN, fwn@isc.org.kh) ; Seng Sophak (ISC, sophak.seng@isc.org.kh) ; Frédéric LARBAIGT (GRET, larbaigt@gret.fr) ; SOFRECO WASP-PrekTechnical Assistance Team (Rémi Bonvalet: Remi.BONVALET@sofreco.com); Sideth Muong (AFD-Cambodia, muongs@afd.fr)
Défis du cadre stratégique :
Accompagner le changement par l’innovation technique et les réformes institutionnelles
Aires géographiques concernées :
Asie du Sud Est
Terrains concernés :
Cambodia
Types de systèmes irrigués :
A diversity of irrigation systems covering: (1) pumping schemes; (2) river diversion; (3) Preks; (3) drainage systems with secondary level pumping schemes. Most systems would have been rehabilitated within the last 10 years. Size of the command area varies.
Some systems allow total water control, other only partial water control. The systems have been designed for a diversity of purposes from securing water supply and improving drainage in the rainy season to allowing double ?or even- triple cropping through increasing dry season water availability.
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Some systems allow total water control, other only partial water control. The systems have been designed for a diversity of purposes from securing water supply and improving drainage in the rainy season to allowing double ?or even- triple cropping through increasing dry season water availability.
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Contexte et problématique :
Over the last ten years, many irrigation development and rehabilitation projects have been implemented in Cambodia. In (almost) all instances, Farmer Water User Communities (FWUC) have been established for the sustainable management of the rehabilitated systems.
Several studies have been conducted to assess the strength and weaknesses of these FWUC and all point to the difficulties most FWUC face to play their role. Difficulties can be institutional (reluctance of the administration to devolve decision making, elite capture, etc.); financial (low profitability of farming system); or even organizational (internal management).
Beyond the FWUC, the capacity of the service providers that support their establishment and further train them in the context of different rehabilitation projects appears to be weak too, making it unlikely for the weaknesses of the FWUC to be redressed in the near. FWN, for instance, a federation of FWUC organize regular meetings among FWUC but appear to have limited information regarding basic indicators such as the level of ISC or the rate of recovery and how these have evolved since the establishment of the FWUC though this information is crucial to engage a discussion on the importance of maintaining infrastructures.
Though there are many studies that have addressed the issues of operation and maintenance of irrigation systems in Cambodia (the most recent one was conducted as part of COSTEA1 ? see additional documents), most of them have documented specific FWUC/Systems in details.
There is a lack of consistent overview of the situation of the FWUC, the approaches followed for their establishment, and the support they receive in Cambodia. This project will contribute to filling this gap in an innovative way to inform the practices of irrigation stakeholders.
Several studies have been conducted to assess the strength and weaknesses of these FWUC and all point to the difficulties most FWUC face to play their role. Difficulties can be institutional (reluctance of the administration to devolve decision making, elite capture, etc.); financial (low profitability of farming system); or even organizational (internal management).
Beyond the FWUC, the capacity of the service providers that support their establishment and further train them in the context of different rehabilitation projects appears to be weak too, making it unlikely for the weaknesses of the FWUC to be redressed in the near. FWN, for instance, a federation of FWUC organize regular meetings among FWUC but appear to have limited information regarding basic indicators such as the level of ISC or the rate of recovery and how these have evolved since the establishment of the FWUC though this information is crucial to engage a discussion on the importance of maintaining infrastructures.
Though there are many studies that have addressed the issues of operation and maintenance of irrigation systems in Cambodia (the most recent one was conducted as part of COSTEA1 ? see additional documents), most of them have documented specific FWUC/Systems in details.
There is a lack of consistent overview of the situation of the FWUC, the approaches followed for their establishment, and the support they receive in Cambodia. This project will contribute to filling this gap in an innovative way to inform the practices of irrigation stakeholders.
Implication des acteurs de l'irrigation :
This project will directly involve ISC and FWN and contribute to building their capacity. The involvement of AFD-Cambodia will contribute to informing the next phase of the WASP project, whereby new FWUC/PUC will be set up and existing FWUC supported.
Objectifs de l'action (cibles, intérêts opérationnels, etc) :
This project aims at addressing the current knowledge gap on FWUC in Cambodia in a way that will build the capacity of FWN and ISC and other actors involved in supporting and training FWUC. The project will have two sub-components:
1. Collecting historical records of ISC rate and recovery rates for all FWUC that are members of FWN; The data will be used to discuss the implication of low rates/recovery on O&M and possible ways forward;
2. An analysis of approaches followed by different services providers to establish and support these FWUC (service providers include: ISC, Aruna, Buddhism for Development, Cadtis, KCC);
1. Collecting historical records of ISC rate and recovery rates for all FWUC that are members of FWN; The data will be used to discuss the implication of low rates/recovery on O&M and possible ways forward;
2. An analysis of approaches followed by different services providers to establish and support these FWUC (service providers include: ISC, Aruna, Buddhism for Development, Cadtis, KCC);
Contenus, moyens et calendrier à mettre en place :
Phase 1 (October 2017-February 2018): Data Collection (levels and recovery rate of ISC) among all FWUC that are members of FWN. This will be done by FWN with support from ISC, GRET and IRD;
Phase 2 (December 2017): Organization of an additional day of workshop following the General Assembly of FWN to present preliminary results comparing different FWUC and identify activities that FWUC representatives have an interest in. This day can also involved discussing scenarios of levels of maintenance and their long term impact (a simple tool has already been developed as part of COSTEA1 and discussed between IRD, GRET and ISC). FWUC and PUC set up as part of the WASP project will be invited to this workshop.
Phase 3 (March 2018 ?June 2018): review of grey literature and key informant interviews with different service providers to characterize approaches to FWUC establishment and support;
Phase 4 (December 2018): Feedback to the general assembly of the FWN together with FWUC and PUC set up as part of the WASP project
Note: If the project is not launched early enough, the 2017 FWN General Assembly can be used to discuss the interested of the study with FWUC executive members (on the basis of results obtained in COSTEA 1) and the 2018 FWN General Assembly to present the results of the current project.
Phase 2 (December 2017): Organization of an additional day of workshop following the General Assembly of FWN to present preliminary results comparing different FWUC and identify activities that FWUC representatives have an interest in. This day can also involved discussing scenarios of levels of maintenance and their long term impact (a simple tool has already been developed as part of COSTEA1 and discussed between IRD, GRET and ISC). FWUC and PUC set up as part of the WASP project will be invited to this workshop.
Phase 3 (March 2018 ?June 2018): review of grey literature and key informant interviews with different service providers to characterize approaches to FWUC establishment and support;
Phase 4 (December 2018): Feedback to the general assembly of the FWN together with FWUC and PUC set up as part of the WASP project
Note: If the project is not launched early enough, the 2017 FWN General Assembly can be used to discuss the interested of the study with FWUC executive members (on the basis of results obtained in COSTEA 1) and the 2018 FWN General Assembly to present the results of the current project.
Livrables :
A report presenting: (1) Rate of collection and levels of ISC for all selected FWUC (25+) and documenting (2) the approaches followed by different service providers.
Budget détaillé :
1. Data collection : 3 days per FWUC*25 FWUC @ 35 US$/day = US$2,625
2. Travel cost for data collection: US$1,500
3. Travel cost for GRET/IRD/SOFRECO (support to data collection): US$2,000
4. Two 1-day workshop @5,000US$ (include transport and per diem of representatives for 25 FWUC & PUC)= US$10,000
5.Expert Fee (FWN/ISC) for organization of meetings, data analysis: 40 days @ 150/day= US$6,000
6.Expert Fee (GRET/SOFRECO) for organizing meetings, data analysis, supporting FWN/ISC, writing of report: 20 days @ 600 US$/day= US$12,000
Total budget is about US$35,000 Euros (Expert fees can be adjusted if need be)
Data collection will be entrusted to FWN and/or ISC depending on their availability. By leading data collection, FWN and ISC will improve their understanding of Operation and Maintenance Issues as well as the realities of the FWUC of the network. ISC and FWN will contribute to data analysis, presentation of results and writing of reports, with support from GRET and IRD. A possibility is to support FWN staff through a master level student (either from France and/or Cambodia- RUA) which would mean an additional cost of 3,000 to 5,000 Euros.
2. Travel cost for data collection: US$1,500
3. Travel cost for GRET/IRD/SOFRECO (support to data collection): US$2,000
4. Two 1-day workshop @5,000US$ (include transport and per diem of representatives for 25 FWUC & PUC)= US$10,000
5.Expert Fee (FWN/ISC) for organization of meetings, data analysis: 40 days @ 150/day= US$6,000
6.Expert Fee (GRET/SOFRECO) for organizing meetings, data analysis, supporting FWN/ISC, writing of report: 20 days @ 600 US$/day= US$12,000
Total budget is about US$35,000 Euros (Expert fees can be adjusted if need be)
Data collection will be entrusted to FWN and/or ISC depending on their availability. By leading data collection, FWN and ISC will improve their understanding of Operation and Maintenance Issues as well as the realities of the FWUC of the network. ISC and FWN will contribute to data analysis, presentation of results and writing of reports, with support from GRET and IRD. A possibility is to support FWN staff through a master level student (either from France and/or Cambodia- RUA) which would mean an additional cost of 3,000 to 5,000 Euros.
Autres éléments nécessaires à la compréhension de ce chantier :
Un travail sur les modalités de gestion locale des périmètres irrigués au Cambodge est conduit en parallèle par l?IRD, en collaboration avec SOFRECO (province de Kandal; réhabilitation de Preks dans le cadre du projet PSEA financé par l?AFD) et CAVAC (province de Takeo) dans le cadre du projet collaboratif européen DOUBT financé par l?ANR.